Identity Theft Is A Method Of Cybercrime - 1220 Words

Dana Rico ENG 102 Composition 2 Arguing Definition 9 February 2015 Identity Theft Today, in the twenty-first century, there have been so many new inventions with technology, changes in politics, fashion, social behaviors, and others. It takes a lot of common sense and education to know how this technological, intelligent world works now days. There are so many words and phrases for someone to know in order to understand how today’s generations work. Two important terms that I think someone would need to know the meaning of and how to avoid it in order to be savvy in the twenty-first century is identity theft. Every individual in this world has an identity that makes him or her special from others. Identity theft is a method of cybercrime that deals with stealing personal information. There are a few different definitions that define identity theft in the same way, but use various terms. One variant definition of identity theft is the fraudulent appropriation and use of someone’s identifying or personal data or documents, as a credit ca rd (â€Å"Identity Theft†). Another variant definition of identity theft is identity â€Å"theft† is a fraud or unlawful activity where the identity of an existing person is used as a target or principal tool without that person’s consent (Kirk). The origin of identity theft is completely different now than it was in nineteen sixty-four, when the first print of identity theft came about (â€Å"A Brief History†). Back then, they did not have creditShow MoreRelatedScams Associated With Cybercrime1624 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Cybercrime has experienced significant progress during recent years, as its advance is directly proportional with the advance of technology. In spite of the fact that the authorities devise new and better strategies to fight cybercrime, the fact that the number of people online is constantly increasing means that cybercrimes occur even more frequently. Dishonest people who seek opportunities have discovered how the internet stands as a perfect environment for them to commit crimes byRead MoreIs Identity Theft Or Having Credit Card Or Banking Information Stolen?1352 Words   |  6 Pagesonline, and we utilize the internet to track and manage these types of accounts. While there may be no way to revert to the days of paper accounting, the idea of identity theft or having credit card or banking information stolen has many people fearful of having their information on the internet. While there may be no guaranteed method of ensuring your information is completely protected, there are wa ys to make yourself much less vulnerable to these attacks. By educating oneself on the risks andRead MorePrivacy issues of Social Networking Sites1156 Words   |  5 Pagesof Cybercrime. For instance, Boyd and Ellison (2008) proposed the following, summarised by Debatin, Lovejoy, Horn and Hughes (2009): â€Å"Specific privacy concerns of online social networking include inadvertent disclosure of personal information, damaged reputation due to rumours and gossip, unwanted contact and harassment or stalking, surveillance-like structures due to backtracking functions, use of personal data by third-parties, and hacking and identity theft.† (p. 83-84) At first, identity theftRead MoreIs Cybercrime A Type Of Crime That Is Committed Over The Internet?1206 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuals to stay in touch, find information, and even make a living through online businesses. When there are positive points, there are bound to be some negative ones, and that is Cybercrime. Cybercrime is a type of crime that is committed over the Internet using computers and networks; also known as Hacking. Cybercrimes are a major issue individual face in today s society; this is because the number of people using the Internet has grown rapidly over the last decade. Technology is available toRead MoreCybercrime And Cybersecurity : Cybercrime1324 Words   |  6 PagesT’Mars McCallum CSCI 101 2 April 2017 Cybercrime and Cybersecurity In today’s day and age cybercrime and cybersecurity are serious subjects. Now, back in the day say our parents or grandparents time those weren’t even real topics or non-existent. Cybercrime (hacking) and cybersecurity are still both fairly new and with newness comes problems. Such as, not fully understanding and knowing the ins and outs. Merriam-Webster states that cybercrime is, â€Å"crime (as theft, fraud, intellectual property violationsRead MoreCybercrime: Hacking1184 Words   |  5 Pages Cybercrime With everything in society advancing rapidly, it should be of no surprise that technology is now used to commit crimes against other people. Those crimes include identity theft, stealing money, illegal gambling, and cyberstalking. This paper will review cybercrime and the differences there are from traditional crime and it will review the purpose of hackers. There will also be three cases reviewed to help bring light to what kind of cybercrimes are being committedRead MoreComputer Technology And The Field Of Criminal Justice Professionals Essay1747 Words   |  7 Pagesall influence how successful the police are in doing their job as crime fighters, all of which affect the level of legitimacy that the police receive from the public and relevant bodies of governments† ( Deflem, 2002). Investigating cybercrimes such as identity theft and scamming of older adults is a topic of interest to me. This topic is important to me due to the fact that my mother was scammed for over a year. Scamming among the senior population is at all time high and individuals prey on theRead MoreIntroduction When a society acquire a technology, the society measures then weighs the benefits it800 Words   |  4 Pagesthe benefits it could gain from the technology with the cost from possible misuse of the technology. As such, as useful as internet is, it could bring much harm when used for exploitation. In that regard, the problems of internet exploitation or cybercrime are causing significant damage especially in the international world. Within a nation, the government as an executive branch enforces the laws created by the judicial branch. However in the global society where there is no government or a recognizedRead MoreCybercrime And Its Effects On Society1239 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract-This research explores the different forms of cybercrime and its effects on society when compared to several years ago. Moreover, it focuses on the changes that have been made to fight the rise of cybercrimes. With the advances in technology allowing society to stay interconnected online, criminals , both who is not an expert and experienced, have taken advantage of growing opportunities. By taking into consideration the dangers on this issue, it is important to take action and provide solutionsRead MoreHow Technology Is Constantly Evolving And We Are Too With It953 Words   |  4 Pagesto personal and global infrastructure. Storing our identity, personal information, wealth and for some our whole lives. Which makes it dangerous as well if abused. Cyberspace is a new frontier and we still don’t completely understand it. So how do we prosecute those who do harm to one another by means of cyberspace and cybercrime? Generally cybercrime branches of in to three major groups. Against a person, property or the government. A cybercrime against a person includes harassment and stalking

Civil Rights Leaders Martin Luther King Jr. - 1822 Words

â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968) was a Baptist minister and social activist who played a key role in the American Civil rights movement from the mid-1950s until his assassination in 1968†(â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr.†). For many years people have celebrated a day known as â€Å"Martin Luther King Day† in honor of a man who stood up for his beliefs and stood up for his race (â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr.†). Many observe the third Monday of January as a regular day, while others observe it as a day to remember a man who changed America. But how did Martin Luther King contribute to the civil rights movement and what was the result of his actions? Of the prominent civil rights leaders of his time, Martin Luther King (MLK) was the most influential. Back†¦show more content†¦On account of this, â€Å"Susan†¦voted in the 1872 Presidential election [and later ]She was arrested and put on trial†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (United States). According to Susa n, â€Å"Failure is Impossible!†(â€Å"Susan Brownell Anthony†). Susan worked for over fifty years to win the right to vote for women in the United States, but why? (â€Å"Susan Brownell Anthony†). Susan had attended a few speeches growing up but was never allowed to speak herself. One day when Susan attended a temperance rally in Albany, she tried to give a speech, but was not allowed (â€Å"Susan Brownell Anthony†). Susan was very passionate about how women should be treated no less then men. After attending this rally,Susan decided that she was going to stand up for the women of America and insisted that women had to have the right to vote. Susan, according to Western New York Suffragists, became principal of the American Anti-Slavery Society in which she would prepare speeches for large crowds about women suffrage and their rights (â€Å"Susan Brownell Anthony†). â€Å"Anthony’s commitment to women’s education was reinforced at t he end of the 19th century†¦by 1900†¦women were admitted [to vote], thanks in large part to her efforts† (â€Å"Susan Brownell Anthony†). A man well-known for being a leader inShow MoreRelated Martin Luther King Jr. as the Greatest Civil Rights Leader Essay1080 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout all the great civil rights leaders, I personally believe that Martin Luther King was the greatest of them all. What king achieved during the little over a decade that he worked in civil rights was remarkable. There are few men of whom it can be said their lives changed the world from wikipedia. Using Mohanda Gandhis philosophy of nonviolence King gained the power of many citizens respect which lead him in success in, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Birmingham Protest March, and breakingRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a protester and leader in the African-American Civil Rights1000 Words   |  4 PagesDr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a protester and leader in the Afr ican-American Civil Rights Movement, greatly known for his use of nonviolent forms of demonstration. On a specific occasion, King was arrested for leading a peaceful protest as part of the Birmingham Campaign, which attempted to bring national awareness to the gruesome treatment endured by blacks. While in jail, King replies to the clergyman’s remarks of him being a foreign agitator in his â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham jail,† passionatelyRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr Essay1299 Words   |  6 PagesWhy was Martin Luther King Jr. such an inspiration to African Americans in America? Martin Luther King Jr. was an American minister, Civil Rights leader, and activist who had a strong belief in nonviolent protests (history.com; Martin Luther King Jr.). He was the leader behind the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the March on Washington which were eventually effective and a law was passed to end racial discrimination (history.com; Martin Luther King Jr.). On December 1, 1955, Ro sa Parks was arrested forRead Moreâ€Å"I Am Happy To Join With You Today In What Will Go Down1420 Words   |  6 Pagesgreatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.† (Lerone Bennett Jr. pg.125) Being a hero means to be a leader. To be a leader you have to have strength, courage, and commitment. In the 1960s, there were many leaders fighting for what they believe is the right of freedom and equality of all people. A major leader, Martin Luther King Jr. was involved in the Civil Rights Movement during the 60s. King was influenced by advocates of nonviolence such as Mahatma Gandhi. He wanted to seekRead More Complexities of Dr. Martin Luther King Essay1254 Words   |  6 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr.’s impact on the civil rights movement was nothing short of monumental. To say anything less may be considered sacrilege in the history of the United States. King’s liberal and Christian upbringing, comfortable and educated childhood, and his the ological education all played a large part in his contributions to civil rights in America. Perhaps one of his most sustained acts was his ability to represent the plight of African American rights while simultaneously portrayingRead MoreMartin Luther King J. And Malcolm X Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscrimination and disorder in the states. African Americans were fortunate to have outstanding leaders who fought for a difference and change during the Civil Rights movement. Both Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X were two powerful individuals who gave hope to African Americans and oppressed people in the United States. They are both well known individuals for their Civil Rights protesting. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X both spread the message about African Americans having power and strengthRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pages(Famous civil-rights†¦) As Martin Luther King, Jr. said, the â€Å"measure† of a man comes not when things are going well, but when things are times are challenging . In the time of the Civil Rights movement, lots of African American people were measured by how they managed difficult situations. The Civil rights movement had many influential leaders and events. The overall importance of the movement was the profound impact it had on American life. The Civil Rights Movement had many important leaders, likeRead MoreBeing A Hero Means To Be A Leader. To Be A Leader You Have1124 Words   |  5 PagesBeing a hero means to be a leader. To be a leader you have to have strength, courage, and commitment. In the 1960s there were many leaders fighting for what they believe is right of freedom and equality of all people. Major leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X they were involved with the Civil Rights Movement during the 60s. They were willing to fight until the end to make a change in society. Both men wanted to give the rights to all black people in America of living as an equalRead MoreLeaders of The Civil Rights Movement970 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. Michael King was an amazing Civil Rights movement leader. At a young age he knew racism was not only bad against his race, but was against God’s will. He was raised with the church background of The Dexter Avenue Baptist Church of Montgomery. Martin Luther King Jr. believed everyone was equal, he fought for African American rights, and spoke for equality until the end. Martin Luther King Jr. always knew everyone was equal. No matter what race you are, you are just as equalRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement712 Words   |  3 PagesCivil rights movement The African Americans managed to solve their conflict and resolution through acts of non-violence and struggle. Even though the actions taken by Malcolm X were of good intentions, they ended up causing a ripple between African Americans. On the other hand Martin Luther King Jr. identified that if people were going to respond to hatred with more hatred then there will be little chances for change and substance which was never understood by Malcolm. He was, of course, powerful

Contemporary Issues in Human Resource

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Issues in Human ResourceManagement. Answer: Introduction For every organization to succeed, Human resource department must be very active to make sure that all the problems of the employer and employee are looked at and handled appropriately. It is the overall framework that helps the employee to develop their personal skills as well as the organizational skills, knowledge, and abilities. In this circumstance. Some issues arise amongst many of the organizations (McDonnell et al., 2015, p. 19). The issues could be addressed and critiqued so as necessary changes may take place. However, some recommendations for right practices can as well be made for appraisal of these practices. There are also some contemporary issues that arise dairy like the violation of psychological contact and staffing. Violation of psychological Contrast Violation of the psychological contract has become a contemporary human resource management issue. The relationship between the employer and employee has not been to the expectation. The reason is that there are many expectations of the employer to the employee. The mutual expectations of inputs and outputs are however not achievable as strategized by the employee and thus, the company may fail to meet these feelings and thus break the psychological contrast. The Abu Dhabi Oil company is a case in point, the year 2016 was a good year where the employee had done extensive deals over the oil company in the United Arabs Emirates and other countries, that, it recorded positive trend on the sales and the Emirates economy. The employee felt that they were supposed to be appreciated as their efforts in the work was. The input versus the output was a subject for reward and motivation, and therefore, the company did not appraise the workers, and this brought a breakage of psychological contra st (Tomprou, Rousseau Hansen, 2015, p.563). Staffing Staffing has also been a contemporary issue in modern companies. The companies have a bigger task than the workers employed by the corporation. BHP Billiton mining, metal, and petroleum company has been identified with this problem. The Workers in this company are few. Regarding that the firm is the worlds largest mine, it is expected to have a good number of employees. In Melbourne, Australia, some very many people can be assigned to work in that company and reduce staffing (McDonnell et al., 2015, p. 26). The Human resource management in organizations has to work on this for the better of the employees. Conclusion The issues in the organizations about the workers welfare should be addressed by the human resource managers across the line management of these agencies. By this, the organizations will provide a conducive environment for the employee and employer. References Tomprou, M., Rousseau, D. M., Hansen, S. D. (2015). The psychological contracts of violation victims: A post?violation model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(4), 561-581. McDonnell, A., Boyle, B., Stanton, P., Bartram, T., Burgess, J. (2015). Delineating human resource management practice in domestic and foreign?owned multinational enterprises in Australia. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources.

Maritime Logistics CMA CGM Logistics

Introduction For the efficient movement of goods services and related products from one place to another, there must be a system that facilitates the flow. Maritime logistics ensures that the products are efficiently moved from different locations. It involves the supply of raw materials to the manufacturers, the distribution of the products to the suppliers and the delivery of the final products to the consumers of the products.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Maritime Logistics: CMA CGM Logistics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A large proportion of the world trade is carried out in the sea; hence, for the efficient maritime transportation, there must be confidence in the transportation by sea, while the ports that handle the products must be efficiently run so as to minimize delays and loss of cargo. Maritime logistics can be defined as a detailed coordination of maritime activities with relation to people, facilities and supplies (Mangan, Lalwani and Butcher, 2008, p 8). The maritime logistics industry is faced with stiff competition. There are few and large maritime logistics companies which are mostly involved in all the areas of the world. Mergers and acquisitions are usually common in the industry as the main players of the industry try to consolidate their position (Zhang and Alon, 2011 p 108). Due to the presence of the few and large companies, the companies which are involved in the maritime trade must be able to effectively locate themselves through efficient strategic planning. The company must be able to effectively use its strong points to achieve a competitive edge, failure to do so will result in the collapse of the company and ultimate acquisition by the other large companies. Critical factors which will ensure that the company gains a competitive edge are quality, cost and time. There are various types of cargo which are transported by the maritime organizations. These include: Containerized cargo: this refers to cargo which is usually stored in containers. A wide range of goods are usually transported in this method. The containerized goods are easy to handle as the containers are usually of set standards hence facilitating mechanization of their handling. Bulk cargo: this refers to goods which are loose and not containerized. Cement, grains and ores are usually transported in this form. Automobiles: This refers to vehicles and trucks. Project cargo: this refers to heavy machinery or equipment which is used by a company for a specific purpose. Handling of this type of cargo usually requires special equipments. CMA CGM logistics CMA CGM is a company which has its headquarters in Marseille. It is ranked as the third largest container shipping company and offers a range of specialized services to suit the needs of the customers. CMA CGM has 352 vessels which operate on 170 shipping routes. The routes help in connecting 150 countries. CMA CGM logis tics has many subsidiary companies. The company has consolidated its position by acquiring other companies in the maritime industry. The company acquired Delmas, a French maritime company, which was among its major competitors, hence moving from the fifth position to the third position (anon, 2005).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The acquisitions usually elicit so many questions on the antitrust regulation regarding the creation of a conducive and competitive business environment (Liu, 2009, p 198) CMA CGM mainly deals with containerized cargo. However, the company has many other subsidiary companies which offer a wide range of services in the maritime industry. The services offered include tourism, logistics, leasing of containers and maritime shuttle services. Main competitors CMA CGM logistics is the third largest container company in the world. The leading companies in the maritime container segment are Mediterranean shipping company and A. P Mollar-Maersk Group. Other leading companies in the industry include: evergreen, PO and MOL. The large companies in the maritime logistics have the largest market share in the industry. The 20 largest container carriers controlled 72 percent of the container capacity in 2002. In addition the 5 largest companies controlled 34 percent of the container capacity in that year (Sutton, 2008, p 231) There are other small players in the industry who though they do not form a sizeable percentage of the market share still pose a threat to the big companies. Industry and competition Maritime logistics industry is a very competitive industry. Maritime logistics chain encompasses three main segments. These are pure maritime activities, handling of goods in the port and the inland transportation of the goods (OECD, 2010, p 72). The maritime logistics companies do not dominate the inland transportation of the cargo. The ma ritime logistics companies which have shipping lines share about 30 percent of the inland transportation services (OECD, 2010, p 52). How a company approaches the provision of the above services usually determines the quality of the services that it will be able to provide. In addition companies must ensure that they provide the above services to effectively minimize on the time taken for products to move from one place to another. LTI a subsidiary of CMA CGM conveniently offers the services to the customers. The provision of the maritime logistics services usually involves different ports. For this reason, most of the maritime logistics companies have different agencies and offices in many parts of the world where the companies have their services in operation. The agencies and offices are mainly involved in the provision of supporting services to their customers. The agencies also help in the coordination with other parties who are involved in the provision of the required service s (Lung, Lai and Cheng, 2010, p 112). The agencies help in the improvement of the quality of services which are offered by the maritime logistics companies. The agencies are usually convenient located in areas where the customers can easily reach them. They may be located at the ports or inland near the customers’ location. CMA CGM has offices and agencies in many parts of the world. The agencies and offices are usually found in large numbers in areas where the company has many customers who use its operations.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Maritime Logistics: CMA CGM Logistics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More USA and china are the two countries which have the greatest number of customers who use the services of CMA CGM. In 2008 CMA CGM had 650 agencies and offices in most parts of the world. In the US the company had 25 agencies whereas in china it had 63 offices (CMA CGM company website, 2010). Legis lation in different activities concerning the maritime activities usually affects the working of the maritime logistics companies. It usually determines the amount of time that the products will take to move from one place to another. For this reason many countries strive to integrate the activities of the ports to facilitate the easy movement of the products in the ports. Another major factor that adversely affects the maritime logistics companies is the availability of storage space in the ports in which the ships dock (Rodrigue and Browne, n.d, p 5). Availability of storage space in the ports determines the time that the ships will spend in the ports. Lack of sufficient storage space will result in the ship overstaying in the ports as unloading of the ships cannot take place. This ultimately affects the efficiency of the maritime logistics companies. In some cases the lack of storage space is usually caused by the different legislation in different countries which requires the cl earing of the cargo at different points. This ultimately affects the quality of the services provided by the maritime logistics company. To solve the problem of lack of storage space most of the maritime logistics companies usually have parks in which their goods can be stored. CMA CGM logistics has several such parks in different ports. Other terminal operation such as loading and offloading of the cargo usually affect the time taken by the goods to reach their destinations. The container terminal operations are usually contracted to a different company. The maritime logistics companies therefore have to be very careful in the selection of the companies (Lung, Lai and Cheng, 2010, p 112). If the terminal operator does his work fast he will help the maritime logistics company in saving the time taken to take the goods to reach their destination. The time taken by the goods to reach their destination is also affected by speed of the specific ships which carry the products. To reduce the time taken by the ships there have been efforts to increase the speed of the ships. There are currently ships which run at a speed of 25 knots which is the highest speed of the ships (Rodrigue and Browne, n.d, p 8). Many companies therefore try to acquire the high speed ships to help in minimizing the time taken by the ships to reach their designated destinations.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Handling of the containers used for the transportation of the goods is among the major costs of the maritime logistics companies. The containers are usually expensive in their purchase, rent and repair. In addition the companies need to have mechanisms of removing the empty containers from the ports as they occupy so much space in the ports hence increasing the storage charges (Lung, Lai and Cheng, 2010, p 111). This usually facilitates the creation of efficient and cost-effective networks to facilitate the movement of the containers to the areas where they are mostly needed. The different companies need to coordinate with the inland transporters of the containers to develop a system which will ensure the empty containers are repositioned at minimal costs (Lung, Lai and Cheng, 2010, p 112). The cost of handling the empty containers is very expensive for CMA CGM hence this greatly helps in reducing the costs. Another factor that affects the companies involved in the maritime logistic s is space management. How a company utilizes the space determines the cost of the services. This has necessitated many companies to use large vessels which would carry many containers and hence occupy less space. The large vessels enable the company to benefit from the economies of scale. Most of the companies are now using the large vessels to benefit from the situation (Lung, Lai and Cheng, 2010, p 109). The maritime logistics companies need to form networks with the operators who are involved in the inland transportation of the goods through rail or road. This is known as the intermodal services. This would help in reduction of the time taken by the goods to reach their destination as there would be easy flow of the goods. The cooperation between the operators also saves the companies money as it makes the company not to have to invest in the provision of the services (Lung, Lai and Cheng, 2010, p 110). CMA CGM has many multimodal services. These services help in the provision o f door to door shipping services to their customers as they facilitate the inland movement of the goods via road, rail or river. CMA CGM formed the river shuttle containers to move the containers inland in France via Seine, Rhone and Saone rivers. The company also formed LTI which facilitates the movement of the containers via road (CMA CGM company website, 2010). Maritime logistics companies also use information technology to help in the improvement of the quality of the services which they provide. Information technology ensures that there is efficient flow of information between the offices of the company, which are located in all parts of the world. It also facilitates the flow of information between the company and the customers with regard to the schedule of the voyages and helps the customers in tracking their goods. Information technology also enables the customers to book (Lung, Lai and Cheng, 2010, p 111). CMA CGM has also collaborated with other shipping companies in the development of an internet portal known as INTTRA. This is a single site which would enable the customers to access the services offered by many liner shipping companies (Lung, Lai and Cheng, 2010, p 111). The provision of the real time information to the customers leads to improvement in the quality of the services offered by the company. This would help in increasing the customers of the company as the customers are mainly concerned with the quality and not the price of the services offered (Tseng, Yue and Taylor, 2005, p 1664) The provision of the information to customers in a way that they can readily access helps in the improvement of the quality of the services offered by the company. Reference List Anon. 2005. CMA-CGM buy Delmas and become the third largest ship-owner worldwide. Web. CMA CGM company website. 2010. CMA CGM company website. Web. Liu, C., 2009. Maritime Transport Services in the Law of the Sea and the World Trade Organization.  Bern: Peter Lang. Lun, Y. H. V., Lai, K. and Cheng T. C. E., 2010. Shipping and Logistics Management. London: Springer. Mangan J., Lalwani C. and Butcher, T., 2008. Global logistics and supply chain management. West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons, OECD. 2010. Itf Round Tables Integration and Competition Between Transport and Logistics Businesses. NY: OECD Publishing. Rodrigue, J. and Browne, M.,  Ã‚  International maritime freight transport and logistics. Blackwell publishing. Web. Sutton, M., 2008. Maritime logistics and the world trading system. Web. Tseng, Y., Yue W. L. and Taylor, M. A., 2005. The role of transportation in logistics chain. Proceedings of the Eastern Asia society for transportation studies. Web. Zhang, W. and Alon, I., 2011. A Guide to the Top 100 Companies in China. MA: World Scientific. This report on Maritime Logistics: CMA CGM Logistics was written and submitted by user Kali H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ancient Near East Reaction Paper †History Essay

Ancient Near East Reaction Paper – History Essay Free Online Research Papers Ancient Near East Reaction Paper History Essay The Epic of Gilgamesh is a legendary tale of the once ruler of Uruk that takes place about 2700 B.C. Gilgamesh’s story begins when he hears of Enkidu, an animal-like human who essentially challenges Gilgamesh’s manhood. Gilgamesh and Enkidu engage in a battle that results in a draw, and ultimately the two become friends. Gilgamesh goes on to reject the goddess Ishtar’s request for love, and in response to Gilgamesh, Ishtar summons the Bull of Heaven. Gilgamesh and Enkidu defeat the bull, Enkidu insults Ishtar and she casts him to the underworld for eternity. The death of Enkidu reminds Gilgamesh that he is mortal and he commits the rest of his life to obtaining immortality. Gilgamesh searches for Utnapishtim who is said to know the secret of obtaining immortality. Utnapishtim can be paralleled to Noah of the Bible, he is warned of a great flood and builds a ship to live through it. Because Gilgamesh would unfortunately never find the secret of immortality and would eventually die. His death marked the last epic emperor to rule Sumer. During the Old Babylonian period from about 2000-1600 B.C. messages of social justice and morality became more prominent. The sun god, Shamsh, emerged as the preeminent god of justice in Babylonian culture. During the Old Babylonian period Hammurabi came to power. When Hammurabi came to power the Old Babylonian Empire it was a very turbulent period. Hammurabi worked to improve on these ideas of social justice and morality. During the same age of Old Babylon existed another empire, Egypt left behind a great deal of texts inscribed on the walls of the tombs of kings and nobles. They left behind no epics, but their beliefs of what would lead them to worldly success. Egypt lacked moral principle at this point in time, but it didn’t last. Ptah-hotep’s lack of concern with the afterlife was soon overshadowed by a deep concern with the afterlife around 2300 B.C. Egyptian religion was now very concerned with preparation for the afterlife. Religious reform had long been at the forefront of Egyptian policy and it had resulted in a loss of territory. It was the goal of Ramses II to restore the areas of the empire that were lost, but it doing so he ran into the Hittites. After a short struggle the two civilizations came to a compromise. From the times of Gilgamesh to Hammurabi, from Hammurabi to Ramses II there was a great deal of change occurring throughout the Near East, but what remains constant is religion at the centerpiece of all this change. In the case of Hammurabi the new laws promoting morality and social justice worked to help the Old Babylonian Empire. Unfortunetly for Egypt this was not the case. Egpyt let their guard down to focus their attention on religion as well, but it resulted in problems. They began to lose territory and ultimately faced annihilation at the hands of the Hittites. Research Papers on Ancient Near East Reaction Paper - History EssayCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBringing Democracy to AfricaHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayCapital PunishmentAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andLifes What IfsGenetic Engineering

A review of economic growth and financial development literature

A review of economic growth and financial development literature Introduction It is the wish of every country to realize improved and sustainable economic growth and financial development in order to improve the living standards of the greatest majority among its citizenry. Improved economic and financial development is also central to a country’s ability to safeguard its survival in a world that is increasingly facing uncertainties, and unforeseeable risks.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A review of economic growth and financial development literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For these reasons, countries with visionary and development conscious leaders devise the most feasible economic blueprints that can enable them to reach greater heights of economic and financial success. In reality, a developmental state is a product of superior economic design; not accident, chance, or miracle. That is the bitter truth that the world’s poor and developing countriesâ⠂¬â„¢ leaders must embrace or condemn their countries to terminal economic and financial stagnation. This paper is a review of China’s economic growth and financial development. Economic growth Economic growth refers to a rise in the capacity of a country to generate goods and services, as compared from one period of its history to another (Barro Sala-i-Martin 2004, p.52). Economic growth is measured in real and nominal terms (Cypher Dietz 2008, p.33). Nominal terms include inflation while real terms are adjusted for inflation. Comparative studies of economic growth of different countries use GDP or GNP per capita because these variables take into account population differences between countries (Cypher Dietz 2008, p.33). Economic growth is normally attributed to technological advancement in a given society (Barro Sala-i-Martin 2004, p.52). United States is a prime example where enormous economic growth was realised following the introduction of the internet technology. I t is pertinent to note that, the growth of a country’s economy should not be seen in terms of an increase in its productive capacity only, but also as an improvement in the quality of life of its citizenry. In short, economic growth is a process through which a country’s wealth accumulates over an extended period. Therefore, economic growth can best be thought of as a process of transformation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Fitzgerald, a country’s long-term sustainable economic growth depends on its ability to increase its pace of accumulating physical and human capital, to use the resulting productive assets more efficiently and guarantee the reach of the entire population to these assets (2006, p.1). Financial Development Financial development refers to the â€Å"creation and expansion of instruments, institutions and markets that support a country’s investment and economic growth process† (Fitzgerald 2006, p.1; King Levine 1993, p.3). Banks and non-banking financial intermediaries such as stock markets and pension funds â€Å"play the role of translating household savings into enterprise investment, keep an eye on investments and distribute funds, as well as, to price and mitigate risks† (Fitzgerald 2006, p.1). Financial intermediation provides liquidity so that companies can operate the new capacities efficiently. Some economists hold that, financial development and economic growth are intimately related (Jeanneney et al 2008, p.3). Financial development influences a country’s economic growth, and helps to alleviate poverty because economic growth is a potential way of reducing poverty (Jeanneney et al 2008, p.3). Financial development helps alleviate poverty indirectly by motivating growth, and directly by enhancing transactions and enabling the poor to gain from financial services that raise their income, which facilitate their ability to undertake productive investments and other activities. Literature review on China’s economic growth and financial development The People’s Republic of China, popularly known as China is the most populous country with over 1.3 billion citizens. It is situated in East Asia (LaFleur 2003, P.3). It is a de jure one-party state ruled by the Communist Party of China (CPC) (LaFleur 2003, P.3). China is the third largest country by a total area and the second largest by land area (LaFleur 2003, p.3). During 1990s, the international community started to acknowledge that China’s economy is self-motivated and rapidly growing; therefore, its swift growth would continue for some time (Chow 1994, p.1). Today, china is one of the fastest growing economies internationally.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A review of economic growth and financial development literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since 1978 when economic liberalization was introduced in China, China’s investment and export-led economy has grown 90 times bigger and is currently the fastest growing leading economy in the world (Wang et al 2007, p.85; Bramall 2009, p.464). According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), during the period 2001-2010, China’s annual average GDP growth was 10.5 percent. This growth is anticipated to grow at 9.5 percent during the period 2011-2015 (Morrison 2011, p.2). Between 2007 and 2010; China’s economic growth rate was equivalent to all of the G7 countries put together (Morrison 2011, p.2). The link between economic growth and financial development has triggered a protracted debate from Smith to Schumpeter. According to research results over the years, financial development stimulates economic growth (Burzynska 2009, p.8). He argued that via the services that financial intermediaries bring about like mobilizing savings, containing risk and enhancing transactions technological and economic development is motivated (Burzynska 2009, p.8). For him, financial intermediaries facilitate technological innovation. Technological advancement according to Schumpeter is a process of continuous substitution of old production methods and goods with improved processes, services and goods by innovation and invention (Burzynska 2009, p.8). It has long been agreed amongst economists that financial institutions can enhance economic growth. For instance, Hicks put emphasis on capital formation, which he argued can be influenced by financial intermediaries by either changing savings rate or by redistributing savings among different capital generating technologies. There are, however, distinguished economists who oppose the view that financial developments stimulate economic growth. For example, for Robinson an economy in which enterprise is leading finance development follows (Robinson 1952, p.4 3). In other words, financial development takes place as an automatic response to rising varied financial needs. Other scholars were concerned that economists overemphasized the importance financial factor in economic growth (Lucas 1988, p.4).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Financial intermediaries play six main roles. First, they pool household savings and make them available for lending (Burzynska 2009, p.9). Doing so reduces transaction costs for firms, as well as, households themselves. Secondly, financial intermediaries distribute savings and decide who gets loans (Burzynska 2009, p.9). Thirdly, financial institutions mitigate the overall risks of doing business by way of spreading investor’s funds among the diverse investment opportunities. Fourth, they produce liquidity. Fifth financial in situations facilitate trade by extending credit and guaranteeing payment (Burzynska 2009, p.9). Finally, they exert corporate control and monitoring of managers. A properly functioning financial system should ensure increased savings and investments which either via capital accumulation or technological change leads to rise in output and consequently economic growth (Burzynska 2009, p.9). China’s outstanding economic growth during the last two de cades has attracted considerable attention particularly from economists. Most empirical studies show that improvement in China’s productivity can account for an important portion of its striking growth (Morrison 2011, p.5). The source of China’s remarkable growth has two aspects namely domestic and international even though the two are intimately related. Since 1978, China backed free trade and gradually removed trade restrictions. The government transformed its policy of management of foreign trade by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and gave provincial governments a substantial autonomy in foreign trade and permitted private sector to take part in foreign trade (Morrison 2011, p.2; Chow 2005, p1). According to Chow (2005), during the period 1978 to 2002, total volume of exports and imports rose from $ 20.64 billion to a staggering $620.8 billion in 2002. This accounted for 65 % of china’s GDP and a growth rate of 35% annually (Chow 2005, p.1). Consequently, China became the third largest trading economy behind Germany and the United States. Presents Chinese exports are found all over the world. In the year 2001, China acquired World trade Organization membership. WTO pushed it to lower its tariffs for manufactured and agricultural products (Chow 2005, p.1; Bao et al 2006, p.181). The lowering of tariffs helped to increase competition among Chinese manufacturers and farmers and ended up providing inexpensive products for Chinese consumers. According to Chow (2005), foreign trade has boosted China’s economic growth in three aspects. International specialization, which occurs as each country produces the goods for which it has a comparative advantage in generating, has enabled China to procure more goods than by national production only (Chow 2005, p.1). Secondly, exports are a part of aggregate demand and rise in cumulative demand has helped China to raise its national output. Thirdly, trade in conjunction with foreign investment has b rought in modern technology and methods of management that has increased China’s productivity (Chow 2005, p.1). Another major cause of China’s economic growth was an increase in foreign investment, and domestic investments (Chow 2005, p.2; Morrison 2011, p.5; Zhang 1995, p.2). Even though available statistics show that private consumption fell from 49 percent of GDP in 1990 to 35 % in 2008, investment increased from 35% to 44 percent of GDP by the same date (Chow 2005, p.2). According to Clow (2005), flow of physical capital in the form of foreign direct Investment (FDI) has been exemplary in advancing China’s economic growth. After the introduction of the 1978 economic reforms, China’s foreign investment policies have positively changed. The 1978 economic reforms became a point of departure for China from seeing foreign investment as a form of exploitation by outsiders, to embracing it for purposes of China’s economic growth and development (Chow 2005, p.2; Morrison 2011, p.2). For instance, in 2001, an amount of FDI of $ 49.7 billion dollars was utilized while in 2003 $ 56.1 billion was utilized. Foreign investment has helped China’s economic growth through the provision of physical and financial capital, new technology and managerial skills to China (Chow 2005, p.2; Morrison 2011, p.5). Through the 1978 reforms the government also encouraged individual citizens to start their own businesses. Additionally, control of prices for various commodities by the state was gradually removed. Clow, however, points out that, foreign investment is not a basic economic factor in China’s outstanding economic growth, but only a vehicle boosting that growth (Chow 2005, p.2). Instead, there are three significant factors including availability of high quality human resources, which comprise properly trained and hardworking labourers, and creative entrepreneurs. Adequately properly functioning market institutions and chinaâ€⠄¢s standing as a late comer who can embrace new technology from the already developed countries (Chow 2005, p.3). These three fundamental factors have enabled china to create a centre of attention for foreign investors. Moreover, the investors would have invested their capital in other economies. Today, China is exporting capital to developing countries, as well as, United States. For instance, Chinese investment has boosted economic development of some African and Asian countries. Morrison has attributed China’s swift economic growth to two main factors namely large-scale capital investments and a swift productivity growth (Morrison 2011, p.5). These capital investments were financed by both foreign investments and domestic savings. Economists view these two factors as having moved hand in hand. Economic reforms resulted into higher efficiency in China’s economy, which in turn, enhanced national output and raised resources for additional investment within the economy (Morrison 2011, p.5). Furthermore, economists have concluded that productivity growth, or increases in efficiency have been a fundamental factor in China’s striking economic growth. This improved productivity is attributed to reallocation of resources to more productive areas particularly sectors that were previously strictly controlled by the government like services, trade and agriculture (Morrison 2011, p.5). For example, improvements in agriculture promoted production and set workers free to pursue employment in a more dynamic manufacturing sector (Morrison 2011, p.5). In addition, economic decentralization encouraged the rise of private companies. The private firms that emerged tended to follow more productive activities than the State Owned Enterprises (SOEs), and were more market-oriented and for this reason more efficient (Morrison 2011, p.5). The export sector of the Chinese economy got exposed to competition. Provincial and Local governments were permitted to estab lish and run a wide range of enterprises based on market forces and principles, without central government interference (Morrison 2011, p.5). Additionally, China has attained high rates of total factor productivity than even most of the developed economies including United States. These high rates of TFT growth are attributed to China’s ability to reach and make use of existing foreign technology and expertise. Apart from the causes of rapid Chinese economic growth reviewed above, economists have explored the role played by financial development in boosting economic development in China over the two last decades. Like other sectors, since the introduction of the 1978 economic reforms, the Chinese financial sector has experienced fundamental changes. For example, the place of mono banking was taken over by commercial banking; stock markets emerged; and modern regulatory bodies were established (Burzynska 2009, p.11; Zhang 2008, p.12). Stock markets were introduced in China in 1990. Stock markets were established in main cities including Shanghai which is a China’s oldest financial centre and Shenzhen, a fast growing city in the southern part of china for purposes of balance (Burzynska 2009, p.13). More than 75 percent of stock trading takes place in shanghai and the rest in Shenzhen. Unfortunately, even though indexes may reach greater heights and transactions prosper within China’s stock markets, some shares are not tradable (Burzynska 2009, p.14). For example, combined capitalization of Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets as at the end of 2007 was 133% of GDP even though only 37% of GDP was tradable (Burzynska 2009, p.13). Furthermore, stock in china is more of a political affair and thus plays a minor role in financing enterprises. Politics within the stock market has led to incorrect pricing of the stock with overpricing and under pricing alternating depending on the prevailing political conditions (Burzynska 2009, p.13). Loans offered 80% of financing compared to 13% of equity in year 2007. Foreign companies are only permitted to obtain loans from banks only and can not borrow from other companies. According to Burzynska (2009), even though the debt market in china is developing it is considerably narrow, fragmented and inadequate in liquidity. It was not until 1990 that the government started to take charge of and control the bond markets seriously, which began unofficially in 1980s (Burzynska 2009, p.15). In 1997 trading of government bonds was started on the inter-bank market. The corporate bond market was reserved for various SOEs, and a considerable period remained remarkably small (Burzynska 2009, p.14). The government and policy banks issue most of the bonds. However, the volume of bonds traded has grown significantly especially since 1998 due to expansionary monetary policies (Burzynska 2009, p.14). For example, as of the end of year 2007 total bond issuance accounted for 32% of GDP (Burzynska 2009, p.14) . In a nut shell, it is the Chinese banking sector that plays the most significant role within the Chinese financial sector and is thought to have the strongest link with economic growth. Chinese financial system has numerous banking institutions. Hence, over the last decade total bank loans have accounted for over 105% of GDP (Burzynska 2009, p.15). China’s banking sector is categorized into four principal types of banks including commercial banks, state owned banks, foreign banks and rural credit cooperatives (Burzynska 2009, p.15). There are also non-banking institutions. The People’s Bank of China has served as the central bank of china since 1983. It formulates and put into practice monetary policies and controls financial markets (Burzynska 2009, p.16). However, it is not an independent entity because the government has apparent control over expansion of new financial products and levels related to interests rates on loans. The momentous question today revolves a round whether the relatively weak financial intermediaries in China have been a fundamental contributing factor to China’s rapid economic growth. Influential economists, some of which are respected authorities on Asian economic studies, have positively focused on the role of China’s financial system in its rapid economic growth. Others had used the case of China’s outstanding economic growth to prove that financial development follows economic growth given the fact that, by the time china was emerging as a dynamic economy, its financial system was poorly developed. Therefore, for such scholars current financial development is merely responding to presently required financial arrangements in a growing economy. There is, however, evidence showing that Chinese has historically maintained a high of savings even in the absence of a properly developed financial system. For example, when economic reforms were introduced in 1978 domestic savings stood at 32% of GDP (Mor rison 2011, p.5). Even though, much of these savings were produced by profits of SOEs, the 1978 economic reforms which entailed economic decentralization, resulted into a considerable rise in Chinese household savings, as well as, company savings (Morrison 2011, p.5). Consequently, Chinese gross savings as a proportion of GDP have drastically grown; it reached 53.9% in 2010; therefore, is one of the highest savings rates in the world (Morrison 2011, p.5). According to Morrison (2011), the high level of savings has allowed China to boost national investment. It is estimated that Chinese domestic saving margins surpass its domestic investment levels making China one of the largest net global lenders (Morrison 2011, p.5). Therefore, there is no dispute that financial intermediaries have contributed to Chinese rapid economic growth especially during the years following initialization of the 1978 economic reforms. These reforms apparently created a developmental space in which competitio n within the financial sector could thrive, and in the long run enabled it to contribute to China’s astounding economic growth. There is empirical evidence showing that financial development has significantly contributed to China’s high rates of total factor production (Guillaumont et al 2008, p.3). Empirical evidence has continually shown that financial development promotes China’s productivity by increasing efficiency. Financial development caused a positive and significant impact on efficiency both through expansion of credit to the private sector and through promotion of competition within the financial sector, which in turn robustly promotes China’s productivity growth (Guillaumont et al 2008, p.3; Hasan et al 2007, p.4; Calomiris 2007, p.364). However, economists, such as Maswana, have asserted that China’s rapid economic growth and financial development outcomes are irreconcilable because; its financial system is seriously weak and inefficie nt (Maswana 2008, p.1). Avid critics of the said link between China’s remarkable economic growth and its financial development cite intermediation inefficiencies such as non-performing loans and government controlled loan allocation (Maswana 2008, p.2). Conclusion China’s economic growth is certainly remarkable and hence the enormous attention it has attracted among influential economic scholars across the globe. More literature on China’s economic growth and financial development will keep on surfacing, since its rapid economic growth rate is anticipated to continue for a considerable period in the foreseeable future. This argument is anchored on the fact that there is an unresolved debate on the connection between China’s rapid economic growth and its financial development. However, it expected that as China’s technological advancement starts to catch up with that of principal developed countries, its level of productivity advantages and real GDP growth could slow considerably from its spectacular 10% economic growth rate, unless China transforms itself into a centre of new innovation and technological revolution. Furthermore, thriving of business in all sectors especially with regard to foreign investment depends largely on government’s ability to implement free-trade policies, which are in line with WTO principles. References Bao, S., Lin, S., Zhao, C., 2006. The Chinese economy after WTO accession. Hampshire, UK: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Barro, J., Sala-i-Martin, X., 2004. Economic growth. New York, NY: MIT Press. Bramall, C., 2009. Chinese economic development. New York, NY: Taylor Francis. Burzynska, K., 2009. Financial Development and Economic Growth: The Case of Chinese Banking Sector. [Online] Available at: nek.lu.se/NEKfng/Financialdevelopmentandeconomicgrowth.pdf . Calomiris, C. W., 2007. Chinas financial transition at a crossroads. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Chow, C., 1994. Understanding C hinas economy. London: World Scientific. Chow, C., 2005. Globalization and China’s Economic and Financial Development. [Online] Available at: www.princeton.edu//Globalization%20and%20China9%208%2005.pdf . Cypher, M., Dietz, L., 2008. The process of economic development. New York, NY: Taylor Francis. Guillaumont, S., Hua, P., Liang, Z., 2008. Financial Development, Economic Efficiency and Productivity Growth: Evidence from China. [Online] Available at: lingnan.net/news2/fujian/2006321125013Liang_abstract.pdf . Hasan, I., Wachtel, P., Zhou, M., 2007. Institutional Development, Financial Deepening and Economic Growth: Evidence from China. [Online] Available at: http://w4.stern.nyu.edu/emplibrary/7-17.pdf-Hasan . Jeanneney. G., Kpodar, J., International Monetary Fund. African Dept. 2008. Financial development and poverty reduction: can there be a benefit without a cost. New York, NY: International Monetary Fund. King, R.G., Levine, R., 1993. Finance and Growth: Schumpeter M ight Be Right. [Online] Available at: http://ideas.repec.org/p/wbk/wbrwps/1083.html . LaFleur, R. A., 2003. China: a global studies handbook. New York, NY: ABC-CLIO. Lucas, E., 1988. On the Mechanics of Economic Development. Journal of Monetary  Economics, 22(6), pp. 3-42. Maswana, J., 2008. China’s Financial Development and Economic Growth: Exploring the Contradictions. [Online] Available at: eurojournals.com/irjfe_19_07.pdf Morrison. M., 2011. China’s Economic Conditions. [Online] Available at: fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33534.pdf . Robinson, J., 1952. The rate of interest and other essays. London: Macmillan. Wang, G., Wong, J., National University of Singapore East Asian Institute. 2007. Interpreting Chinas development. London: World Scientific. Zhang, A., 1995. Economic Growth and Human Development in China. [Online] Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr1996/papers/amei_zhang.pdf Zhang, J., 2008. China’s Economic Growth. Trajectories and Ev olving Institution  Washington DC United Nations University.

Social Media Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Media - Assignment Example great deal of researches and investigations have been carried out in order to assess the usage of different social media networking websites among both the genders. It should be noted that as per the research conducted by Duggan and Brenner in 2013, it was noted that from the sample of 1802 participants out of which 846 were men and remaining were women, 16% of women used Instagram while it was 10% among men. This indicated that women made use of the Instagram service for sharing their photos more in comparison with men (Duggan and Brenner). There are couples of reasons behind the usage of Instagram by users. As per the research conducted by Sigala, Christou and Gretzel (2012), females tend to be more curious about the happenings and experiences of others. It is due to this reason that they follow millions of other users on Instagram. However, male participants indicated that they wanted to stay updated with the later products and events for which Instagram remains a very good medium (Sigala, Christou and Gretzel). The suggested methodology for the research is mixed approach where qualitative as well quantitative methods will be used. The mix approach is considerably significant in proving literature analysis with the help of statistics (Kumar). A survey questionnaire will be directed towards participants. The number of participants will be divided into two categories on the basis of male and female. The question that will be used to conduct analysis will be close-ended questions (Goddard and Melville). Relevant researches will be used to assess the investigations of the subject matter that has been done so far. Credible databases will be used to find journal articles, books, periodicals relevant to the subject. The conducted research will not be used for the purpose of financial gain and will only be conducted as a part of academic achievement. The research will be carried out after taking informed consent from the instructor. Secrecy of responses of